Roberto Clemente Essay Example For Students

Roberto Clemente Essay Roberto Clemente Walker was born in Barrio San Anton in Carolina, Puerto Rico, August 18, 1934. He was the youngest of four children. He stood 5 feet and 11 inches tall, and he weighed 175 pounds. Roberto excelled in track and field, winning medals in the javelin throw and short distance races. However, his real love was baseball. He played amateur baseball with Juncos Double A Club and soon went on to play with the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rican Winter League. From Santurce he signed with Montreals Triple A team. Clemente joined the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1955, where he played his entire eighteen year Major League Baseball career from 1955 to 1972. Roberto played in two World Series, batting .310 in 1960 and .414 in 1971. He was the National League Batting Champion four times, was awarded twelve Gold Gloves, selected National League MVP in 1966 and was chosen as the MVP in the 1971 World Series. He was also a 12 time National League All-Star. Throughout his career, he played i n 2,433 games. Out of the 9,454 times at bat, Roberto got a hit 3,000 of those times. He had 440 doubles, 166 triples, and 240 homeruns. Roberto had 1,305 RBIs and he scored 1,416 runs for his team. Overall, his career batting average was a .317. On November 14, 1964, he married Vera Cristina Zabala in Carolina, Puerto Rico. They had three sons: Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Roberto Enrique. Proud of his heritage Roberto insisted that Vera give birth to all three sons in Puerto Rico. The boys were six, five and two, when their father met his unfortunate death. New Years Eve, December 31, 1997 marked the 25th Anniversary of a tragic plane crash. The plane was taking medical, food and clothing supplies to Nicaragua, to help out after an earthquake. Vera and friends begged him not to take the trip because of poor weather and an unstable cargo plane, but Roberto was determined. He was upset that the previous supplies had not made it to the victims. Roberto was going to personally see to it that the victims received the much needed supplies. Unfortunately the plane went down off the coast of Puerto Rico. Robertos body was never found. Just months after Roberto joined an elite group of players with 3000 hits, he was gone. Robertos tragic death in 1972 prompted the Hall of Fames Board of Directors to unanimously wave the customary five year period for induction, which opened a door for the Baseball Writers Association of America to hold a special election on Clementes behalf. By an overwhelming vote of 93%, Clemente became the first player of Latin American descent to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. Since then only four players have been inducted; Al Lopez in 1977, Juan Marichal in 1983, Luis Aparicio in 1984, and Rod Carew in 1991.It has been just over 27 years since his unfortunate death and still today Roberto is still remembered as one of the greatest athletes and humanitarians of all time. In 1973, his uniform number 21 was retired by the Pittsburgh Pirates. One of Robertos dreams, the Roberto Clemente Sports City, is one part of the legacy he left behind. Visitors to Carolina, Puerto Rico are greeted by a twelve foot statue as they enter into a 1,500 acre sports complex. Roberto Clementes legacy is continued by his wife Vera who has been important in continuing Robertos Dream.

International Services Marketing

Customer Acquisition A few years back, Emirates Airlines adopted the use of wireless Internet access on one of its new Airbus. The same services were expected to be rolled out by both Lufthansa of Germany and Scandinavian Airlines within almost the same time. However, before rolling out this service, the main communication tool that was available for use by passengers was the seat phones, which due to their expensive nature were not commonly used.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Services Marketing – Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given these high prices with respect to the use of seat phones, there was great lobbying by the general Internet community for the use of Wi-Fi access since it could have benefited the retailers who were to use it as a tool of customer acquisition1. For a small cafà ©, the complete cost of providing a Wi-Fi access that is free was approximat ed to be about six Unite State dollars. Comparable to a billable hot spot, this was cheaper since the billable hot spot requires additional expenses such as provision of customer support and maintenance costs for Internet speed. Although the free model would not suit application in all places, it would eliminate the adoption problem that was present at that particular time. As far as air travel is concerned, the Middle East is presently the leading global region in growth of traffic. According to statistics, there was double-digit growth in passengers between 2004 and 2006. Presently 8% of global air traffic is represented by the region. The increase in number of passengers is similarly reflected n the rise in freight. In view of these statistics, it is not shocking to see thee civil aviation of the Emirates Airlines work at expanding their civil aviation infrastructure at a very rapid pace. The authority has recently undergone restructuring with the airports being managed by the ne w Dubai Civil Aviation Authority. Dubai is investing about $ 82 billion to transform the Emirates into one of the greatest global airlines. The plans for expanding the Emirates airlines are quite ambitious. In the year 2006, 20.6 million passengers passed through its gates and more than 237,000 aircraft transported at least 1.4 million freight.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Comparatively, during the same time, Hartsfield, the world’s busiest airport had about 85 million passing through its gates whereas 68 million customers were served by London Heathrow. The government of Dubai is not fully satisfied with the figures and it has made a move to add two more concourses and a third terminal. They have expectations of between 60 and 70m million passengers annually. The Airlines of Dubai International Airport have been extended to accommodate the new Airbus A380 and actually, the Flagship of the Emirates Dubai has been able to make an order of 47 of the Aircraft2. In addition to this, the Dubai Cargo Village, which is a dedicated site for cargo handling and adjacent to Dubai International Airport, is also undergoing extensions to handle about two million tonnes annually and is currently handling almost at double capacity. As far as expansion of capacity is concerned, both Dubai Cargo Village and the Dubai International Airport are experiencing the same challenge: after completion of the current extensions, there will be no room for growth at their current locations. The facilities are encompassed by urban sprawl as a result of the growing capacity within the city3. Apart from the greatest order for the new Airbus, double Decker plane, Emirates Airlines ordered a new Aircraft worth $37 billion. Below is a table for the company’s airport traffic between 1997 and 2006. Source: HWM. The Wireless revolution: Experience New Ways of Living Wi relessly. Singapore: SPH magazines.2004.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Services Marketing – Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer retention The major players in Indian Airline industries include Emirate Airlines, Air Sahara, Jet Airways, Lufthansa, Air Deccan, Air India, and Indian Airlines. As a result of the boom in IT, and other IT associated services, these airlines have exhibited a large potential for air traffic increase. Prior to its privatization in the 1990s, the airline was under the government control. Operation of private airlines was still restricted. After the airline industry was opened to private players, the competition heightened between both private and public players. Prior to privatization, little importance was attributed to customer satisfaction in the industry. When private players offered quality service and thus attracting more customers , the public carries such as India Airlines and others began seeing the significance of quality customer service4. Some of the strategies these players use to both attract and retain customers are not only innovative but also convenient. They include using the Internet and phone to book, serving the customer needs by showing care, check in using phone, serving different kinds of meals, crews, and airhostesses that are highly trained. The kind of customers served by the industry totally changed since the opening of the market in 1990s. Lately, clients travel globally to experience airline facilities that are of top quality5. To ensure that these premium customers have been taken care of, the level of service ought to improve largely. The crux of customer retention is not only understanding different cultures but also ensuring that customers have made happy. Whereas the focus and desire of business people and high-end customers is customized services and sophistry, cost efficiency is the key factor in the economy segment. These two extremes must be balanced by an airline provider. When the market gradually changes and expands, it provides sufficient room to concentrate on a specific category of customers.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If a given player begins to focus on a particular category of customers, then such a player will become a great competitor and would be able to compete effectively among other competitors. Therefore, the dynamics of the entire industry dynamics towards clients will begin to change, making each player to improve their level of service so as to retain customers6. Studies show that a service is essentially non-tangible. Therefore, even though the provision of airline related services at times entails tangibility such as environmental aspects, presentation and quality of food, it remains to be intangible and dependent on the service quality from the customer’s perspective, as a distinctive aspect. Moreover, the lack of separation between production and consumption results to its Perishability and the heterogeneous nature of the service experience. Within the commercial airline business, an opportunity cost belonging to the operator is represented by a vacant seat on a frequently scheduled flight. A lot of variability is involved with regard to in-flight service’s quality. This service is greatly enhanced by the customer – provider interactions. The most important thing in this case is how the customer perceives the quality of the service rather than the actual service itself7. Customer Recovery Due to difficult conditions in trading, the Gulf Air (United Arab Emirate’s national carrier) devised a recovery plan to get back its profits. This was to take place within three years and is an approach that affected operations at all levels. The efforts were fruitful since statistics released in 2003 revealed that the airlines had produced a very outstanding record for those four years. Apart from showing an increase in the number of passengers by about 10.4%, there was also a great increase in revenue and a subsequent cut in losses. The three-year plan also had a projection on increasing the number of clients by about one million8. Several mar keting strategies contributed to a revival of fortunes such as Bahrain Grand Prix’s sponsorship, pricing that’s more competitive, improvements in network and service, and its subsidiary Gulf Traveler’s launch. During the greatest global study with regard to how passengers perceive airlines, the Gulf Air became the winner of the awards for Skytrax Airline Excellence. This award was accorded to Gulf Air in recognition to the great changes that had been accomplished within a period of two years and the way in which it was now making a come back as champion within the Middle East. The results achieved by the gulf air are greater than were anticipated with an excess in average loads. The sub-continent of India, Asia, and Saudi Arabia are among the main destinations served by the airline. Emirates Airlines is one global Airline that grows rapidly. Its operations are based in Dubai. During its 2003/2004 financial year, the number of customers carried by emirates had in creased by about two million. Both its profit and revenue had risen too. Emirates 69 strong is one of the youngest in the sky with about 46 months on average. The plans of this Airline is to increase ensure that there is a rise in its fleet by 2012. During the Paris Air show, it had made its announcement and made an order for both a large Boeing aircraft and a number of Airbus. The long haul 340-500 has its launch carrier as the Emirates Airlines. It was the first Airline to make an order for the double-decker in the year 2001 and the innovative A340-600 HGW will have it as its key launch carrier. Airbus super- jumbo has Emirates as its largest customer. Additionally, the Airline has plans to increase the number of its Boeing 777s. Emirates Airlines operates in several cities and nations including Africa, North America, Europe, the Middle East and the subcontinent of India. However, it had begun extending its services to New York, Accra, Vienna, and Lagos, among other nations9. Duri ng 2004, Emirates began a new ticketing system that was worldwide and electronic. This encouraged a travel that was coupon free thus resulting to a reduction in time required by customers to book and fly. By 2004, Emirates Airlines had received numerous awards for being the best Airline, which has obviously made many clients to identify with it. Although the Emirates is encountering financial constraints to some level, it is less affected if compared to numerous other carriers. This can be attributed to the strength that its network has and its high diversification. Although there is a decrease in the traffic of its passengers, which is apparently due to a decline in building activities in Dubai, it is possible for the airline to enlarge its operations given the tremendous connectivity network based at its hub, which is Dubai. Research reveals that through Dubai, many passengers from the United Kingdom can connect to cities in both Australia and India10. Study shows that employees d o not only play a significant part in improving their own productivity but also that of other vital assets like gates and aircraft and in ensuring that there is an improvement in customer service. Lessons drawn from several companies including Toyota that have used both employee engagement and ongoing improvement to embrace the principle of total quality management require a lot of attention. So too do the approaches of companies in both the legal sector and International Airlines such as Emirates Airlines and Virgin Atlantic that are part of the full service airlines that are the youngest11. Interaction process There are two main ways through which customers get exposed to the activities of a firm. This is through the process of distinct communication and through the interaction process. What comprise the distinct communication process are the touch points between the firm and the customers, which entail aspects such as sales, advertising, and communication for direct response. On the other hand, the interaction process is represented by the real world. The interaction process includes episodes such as interaction with aspects such as websites, goods, service processes, call centers, systems of payment and invoicing, procedures in service recovery and documentation with regard to use of goods among others12. Activities within the distinct communication process are geared at granting promises with regard to the proposition of the firm’s value. On the other hand, the interaction process is supposed to fulfill given promises. Something is communicated and promises given through interaction between the firm and the customer. This might even include sales activities. However, the key aim in the episodes of the interaction process is to ensure that customers have had access to value supporting solutions such as information, services, and goods. The three main aspects of the interaction process in the Emirates Airlines are customer integration, service produc tion, and service recovery. Service Production The Middle East’s air transport industry is one of the industries that are facing the fastest expansion rate across the world. Studies reveal that during each year, both the passenger and cargo traffic continues to soar. Airlines at the local and regional level have projected spending colossus sums of money for several years in a bid to expand their fleets13. The United Arab Emirates has recognized the significance of aviation as one of the best instruments through which it can connect to other parts of the world. Over the last hundreds of years, the UAE has been a great trading post in the Gulf, South Asia, and Africa. The current UAE provides a business environment that is highly energized accompanied by both resources and infrastructure to ensure that the complete spectrum of the world’s business needs has been achieved. In the previous years, systematic attempts have been made to ensure that the aviation sector’ s infrastructure has been expanded as both Dubai and Abu Dhabi move towards a period where they both operate as the global airline hubs. A clear reflection of the UAE as a modern nation can be best seen if the projections made by Abu Dhabi and Dubai are implemented with regard to their airports. The past few years have seen a great increase in cargo, passengers, and movements of aircraft. This represents the growth and change of the UAE into a major hub for both tourism and business. There have been reported cases of increases in passenger movement within the Dubai International Airport. This is expected to continue rising even in the coming years. A similar situation is also being experienced at the Emirates Airlines14. Dubai’s remarkable economic development has been as a result of investment in the Emirates Airlines and the liberalization of the aviation policy. The main driver for this economy is tourism and services. The outcome of the liberal policy applied by Dubai sin ce 1985 is the fact that numerous airlines flying to hundreds of destinations can be served by Dubai. This has made Dubai to become a dreadful competitor at the global level. Another aspect is that Dubai has become Middle East’s tourism and business center. The air transport services of the airline are also reliable, competitive and of high frequency, making it to be part of the global networks for transportation and distribution based on just-in-time production15. Use of the brand pyramid is one way of deriving the brand promise’s nature. The initial concern of managers when introducing a new brand is to locate gaps that have not been exploited in the market then taking advantage of their core competencies to come up with a brand that a novel technology supports or process, which results to products, that are unique. However, the concern of consumers is not so much with the attributes but is more focused on the advantages that threes attributes brings out. Through exp erience, customers begin to understand the brand more effectively and emotional rewards result from the benefits. For instance, a key benefit of Emirates Airline as an early enterprise was the installation of a television set before each seat of the economic class as a form of entertainment. This results to fun during the flight, which is an emotional reward. If there has to be an appreciation to this emotional reward, then it should result to a value that is welcome by the clients. Thus, the emotional benefit of fun could result to appreciation of autonomy. One of the main reasons as to why some passengers would chose to commute using one specific airline is because it will provide them with what they want to watch at a time that they want to view it. Consumers will seldom take a long time to look for and interpret information about brands and thus each brand has personality brands associated with it. By promoting the brand through use of a personality who manifests the brandâ€⠄¢s traits, inferences are drawn by consumers that the brand has some of the values that the personality promoting it has16. Service Recovery Whereas some airlines have been struggling to survive, Emirates airlines has been growing and performing excellently well in the recent past. Its target is not among the passengers who are price sensitive ant; thus, it does not intend to venture into low cost services. Contrary to this, the approach is to feed the region with long-haul flights. Moreover, the company has no plans to get into airline collaborations except for code-share kind of alliances. This is because this will not only affect brand value, but will also put restrictions to the operations of the flight. Moreover, when using alliances, airlines are favored instead of passengers. In comparison to airlines that are of low cost such as JetStar and EasyJet, the price of Emirates is high. However, its services are of high quality when compared to some of the best global airlines suc h as the British Airways. Emirates Airline has an unbeatable competitive advantage in comparison to any other airline within the region. This is due to its strong network within the region and its world-class service17. Flight operation encompasses various aspects such as the rotations and schedule of the aircraft, Schedule alteration and manipulation, scheduling and management of crew and the statistical analysis of flight. An airline’s flight operations management gives a solution that is integrated to monitor, plan and give response to events that lie within real time, give an analysis of traffic statistics, and lead to better performance in operation. As the Emirates Airlines project to increase their fleet with at least 130, the amount of air traffic will really increase at the Dubai hub. In view of the day-to-day operation at the hub, the most important factor for the future success of the company is the seamless and dependable communication among all the relevant stake holders. The quality of airline service is dependent on their ability to take care of the planned schedule’s requirements. However, the ability to meet the demands of the schedule can be inhibited by several other factors such as adverse weather and conditions and the failure of one or many of the members of the crew from arriving on duty. In some cases, such as the situation of thunderstorms, only one airport may be affected for some hours18. The advantages of cosmopolitan culture are enjoyed by Emirates Airlines with a large number of its employees coming from different nations. Since it operates in a service industry that meets the needs of consumers from around the globe, its cosmopolitan culture adds a lot of value to its services. Culture is very crucial in the flight operation. The crew ought to have sufficient knowledge regarding the passengers’ culture and ought to make the services available to the delight of the customers. For instance, prior to giving the c ustomers liquor, the crew flying to Saudi should take caution. Also during the holy month of Muslims/Ramadan, the crew should not offer Muslim clients drinks and snacks since doing this may appear to lower the value of their flight service. Thus, when the interruption recovery exercise is being carried out, the right crew should be placed at the correct place. Latest research reveals that the success of Emirates is more pronounced at an international level rather than at the regional level. There was an expression that the local community view Emirates as an International Airline rather than an industry that carries the national flag of the United Arab Emirates, which affected both their preference and perception with regard to the Emirates product. Besides, with regard to the cultural elements and the customers’ preference, it was revealed that product of Emirates is not properly suit most Middle East routes. The fleet of the Emirates Airlines invests a lot in the modern air crafts present in the market. This helps it to keep its fleet young and modern. It has an order for one of the passenger aircrafts that are technologically advanced in the world (Airbus A380). It is reported that A 380 will utilize fuel that is below 20% and fly quieter, affordable, and friendlier to the environment as compared to other aircrafts. To help it handle its disruptions and the normal operations, Emirates Airlines is installed with the latest information Technology systems19. Analysis using ServQual and customer Reviews The views of most customers who used Emirates Airlines are the service they received did not match their expectations. It is reported that the cabin crew did not accord them assistance in a number of areas such as serving them meals on time, they offered drinks after meals rather than before, did not bother ensuring that family members were seated together and were not interested in the affairs of passengers. Apart from this, feedback from some clients who had used Emirates Airlines is an expression of the discomfort they encountered during their flight. The discomfort was caused by several aspects such as lack footrests and insufficient space between seats. Besides, it is reported that the newspapers are no longer adequate for use by all the classes. Yet, other clients have complained about lateness of both the arrival and departure of flights. The common sentiments are that their level of service is declining compared to how it was ten years ago and that something ought to be done about it. On the other hand, other customers have expressed satisfaction with services offered by the Emirates Airlines such as quality in-flight entertainment, welcoming crew and food after boarding the aircraft more than once. Some of those who have used the business class have expressed their satisfaction with the services offered during their flights such as uncrowded lounges, food selections that were good, excellent flights and comfortable seats. Ot hers applause the airline for providing plenty of reading materials during the flight, serving them meals quite on time and ensuring that flights were quick20. Conclusion The strategies employed by Emirates Airlines are quite broad. Relational drivers include installation of the free Wi-Fi access to the passengers, enlargement of its premises and services to increase passenger traffic and acquisition of more other quality and large capacity aircrafts. On the other hand, interaction drivers that the company has employed are use of the RFID system to ensure safety of customer’s cases, investment in the aviation industry, installation of television sets in each of the economy customer’s seats, targeting the premium customers, embracing a cosmopolitan culture and use of technologically IT systems. All these seem to go well apart for the fact that the UAE community views it as an international airline rather than a national one. Most of the latest feedback from customers is that Emirates Airlines is not where it was about ten years ago in terms of the quality of service provided. Most of the customers complain about the carefree, selfish and unresponsive attitude of the crew, insufficient and low quality meals, discomfort and generally poor service. A few of the clients applaud the airline for its punctuality and reasonable service. Generally, based on the views of most passengers, the Emirates Airlines ought to upgrade their service and either retain or replace their crew. This is the only way they will get back on track like it was a decade ago. Bibliography Al-Abed, I, P Vine, and P Hellyer. United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2005. London: Trident press. 2005. Baker, J and S Hart. The marketing Book. Burlington: Butterworth Heinemann. 2007. Bamber, G. Up in the Air: How Airlines can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees. New York: Cornel University Press. 2009. Bartneck, N, V Klaas and H Schoenherr. Optimizing Processes with RFID and Auto ID: Fundamentals, Problems and Solutions, Example Applications. Erlangen: Publicis Publishing. 2009. Betz, F. Creating and managing a Technology economy. NJ: World Scientific Publishing.  Emirates Airline Customer Reviews-Skytrax. 2011. Retrieved from https://www.airlinequality.com/airline-reviews/emirates/ HWM. The Wireless revolution: Experience New Ways of Living Wirelessly. Singapore: SPH magazines. 2004. Lusch, R. and S Vargo. The service-dominant logic of marketing: dialog, debate, and directions. NY: M.E. Sharpe. 2006. Mitra, S. The Caucasian Tiger: Sustaining Economic growth in Armenia. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. 2007. Nargundkar, R. Services Marketing. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. 2006. Oxford Business Group. The Report: Dubai. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. 2007. Taneja, N K. Looking beyond the runway: airlines innovating with best practices while facing realities. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2010. USA International Business Publications. Doing Busin ess and Investing in United Arab Emirates Guide. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 2007. Footnotes 1 HWM. The Wireless revolution: Experience New Ways of Living Wirelessly. Singapore: SPH magazines.2004. p. 63 2 Oxford Business Group. The Report: Dubai. 2007. p. 117. 3 Oxford Business Group. The Report: Dubai. 2007. p. 117. 4 Nargundkar, R. Services Marketing 2E. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. 2006. P. 412 5 Nargundkar, R. 2006. P. 412 6 Nargundkar, R. 2006. P. 412 7 Nargundkar, R. 2006. P. 412 8 Al-Abed, I., Vine, P. and Hellyer, P. United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2005. London: Trident press. 2005. P. 207–208 9 Al-Abed, I., Vine, P. and Hellyer, P. 2005. P. 209-210 10 Taneja, N.K. Looking beyond the runway: airlines innovating with best practices while facing realities. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2010. P. 10 11 Bamber, G. Up in the Air: How Airlines can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees. New York: Cornel University Press. 2009. P. 185 12 Lusch, R. and Vargo, S. The service-dominant logic of marketing: dialog, debate, and directions. NY: M.E. Sharpe. 2006. P. 356 13 14 USA International Business Publications. Doing Business and Investing in United Arab Emirates Guide. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 2007. P. 70s 15 Mitra, S. The Caucasian Tiger: Sustaining Economic growth in Armenia. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. 2007. P. 111 16 Baker, J. and Hart, S. The marketing Book. Burlington: Butterworth Heinemann. 2007 17 Betz, F. Creating and managing a Technology economy. NJ: World Scientific Publishing. 2010. P. 286 18 Betz, F. 2010. P. 286 19 Betz, F. 2010. P. 299 20 Emirates Airline Customer Reviews-Skytrax. 2011. P. 1-3 This term paper on International Services Marketing – Emirates Airlines was written and submitted by user Daphne Rush to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Margaret atwood rape fantasies Essay Example

Margaret atwood rape fantasies Essay Example Margaret atwood rape fantasies Paper Margaret atwood rape fantasies Paper Atwood uses a temporal setting, a feminine first person point of view, irony, and allusion to warn readers of the vulnerability that comes from naivety and the downplay of ape. The setting is temporal. The womens liberation movement is thriving in the sass. Media is beginning to pay attention to non-superficial womens issues: The way theyre going on about it in the magazines youd think it was just invented, and not only that but i?s something terrific, like a vaccine for cancer (31). Magazines are beginning to advocate the Equal Rights Amendment, to converse about womens issues, to put domestic violence and sexual harassment on the cover of a womens magazine, and to feature a national study on date rape. History suggests women do not have or should to have sexual desires: But if youre being totally honest you cant count those as rape fantasies (34). Estelle and her coworkers label their sexual fantasies as rape to take away the sense of being personally responsible for their desires. The temporal setting occurs during the time feminine issues headline the media: So at work they all have to talk about it because no matter what magazine you open, there it is, staring you right bungee the eyes, and theyre beginning to have it on television too(31). After decades of matriculation concerning feminine issues beyond the superficial the damn as been opened allowing the characters to discuss the taboo. Due to medias growing attention of serious issues like rape Christy is able to gain access to information that she parrots back to her work pals: Besides, all the articles say its better not to resist, that way you dont get and her co-workers are beginning to learn how to defend themselves in a rape scenario from the increasing media coverage on important issues like rape. Atwood uses the language device allusion: Im not what you would call a drinker but like to go out now and then for a drink of two in a nice place, even if I am by myself, Im with Womens Lib on that even though I cant agree with a lot of the other things they say (37). The author alludes to the Womens Liberation movement going on in the 1 sass to explain why the narrator feels confident enough to put herself in a vulnerable position with a potentially threatening male at a bar. Atwood uses the temporal setting to allow her characters to discuss rape, but not really know what they re talking about: Rape is when theyve got a knife or something and you dont want to(33) Estelle and her co-workers lack a mutual understanding of what rap is. The point of view is first person. Estelle has a very naive view of a rape scenario, she likes to use dark humor to lighten up the situation: Estelle assumes Sonars silence in the story is her being offended that she didnt a chance to share her rape fantasy: Sandra was miffed too, by this time SSL finished her celery and she wanted to tell about hers, but she hadnt got in fast Sonars silence can also be interpreted as the silence of rape victim. Atwood uses a first person point of view with a womens viewpoint to drive home the naivety the women have in the story concerning rape and the vulnerability that comes from their ignorance. There is a failing of communication between men and women in the story:But maybe its different for a guy'(36). Estelle lack of understanding of the male psyche leads to her vulnerability. Estelle believes ignorance is bliss: You cant Spence your whole life in the Filing Department or cooped up in your own apartment with all the doors and windows locked and the shades Her statement is correct; to lock yourself away from the world forever is ridiculous. The language devices used in the story are allusion and irony. - card game the ladies are playing alludes to the control, strategy, and manipulation skills Estelle feels she can possess during a rape scenario: So said one club, hoping Sandra would remember about the one club convention, because the time before when I used that she thought I really meant clubs, and she bid us up to three, and all I had was four little ones WI nothing higher than a six, and we went down two and on top of that we well vulnerable(31). Estelle belief of control and ability of manipulation in a game reflects the characteristics she holds in reality, which leads to her bell in a vulnerable position in the end. Another language device that Atwood u: s situational irony: So I ask him why doesnt he let me fix him a Neo-Citric and scotch, thats what I always take, you still have the cold but you dont fee it, so I do and we end up watching the Late Show together (35). Estelle fantasies begin as serious and twist Into absurdity, in the end of this scenes she is taking care of the man who attempted to sexually assault her. Tattoos use of allusion places adds realism to the story. The mention of the Virgin Mary is a biblical allusion to a lady who became pregnant by God instead of her swear all four of them looked at me like I was in b asset, like Id insulted the Virgin Mary or something (33). The women in the story were expected only to have marital relations like the Virgin May, so theyre using the rape fantasy to cover up their sexual desires. The author also uses a structural irony in Estelle rape fantasies: So I hand it to him AR hes very obliging, he twists the top off and hands it back to me, and I squirt him in the Estelle character is flawed in her belief a rapist will list. To their victim. Atwood use of irony both situational and structural is a warning to the readers that Estelle naivety leads her to a dangerous tuition: Like, how could a fellow do that to a person hes just had a long conversation with, once you let them know youre human, you have a life etc I dont see how they could go ahead with it, right? 37) Estelles fantasies left her vulnerable. Estelle is a real damsel in distress her ignorance on dangerous situations coupled with an over-confidence that she can control a harmful situation leads to her being left vulnerable. Tattoos use of first person point of vine for the reader to listen to a womens point of view. Estelle although naive when it comes to evading dangerous situations, gives the reader an u nderstanding of a females psyche regarding rape.

Factors Contributing to the Confederacys Loss of the Civil essays

Factors Contributing to the Confederacys Loss of the Civil essays The phrase "war is expensive" has become a cliche over the decades as humans experience the ugliness of wars and their consequences. As most outcomes of war show, the winners tend to be the "richer" ones who can afford to lose and pay the higher price. Applying this to the Civil War, it can be stated that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because it was "poorer" one. The South lost because the war was just too expensive, making it difficult to purchase the required resources and manpower to overcome the North. Shortage of imperative resources, inadequate manpower, and the blockade that limited its source of supplies were three major problems that the Confederacy faced during the Civil War, which ultimately crumbled its goals to secede. The foremost problem facing the Confederacy during the Civil War was the inadequate manpower. Even counting slaves, who obviously could not be expected to fight to protect, the South's manpower was nothing compared to that of the North's. Consequently, the South was not able to afford loses or even stalemates because anything but dominations would be the Norths gain. Because the South lacked men, it was not able to suffer unnecessary causalities; therefore every battle was crucial to the Confederacys existence. When there were stalemates, the North clearly knew it was a tremendous gain for them because they had more soldiers. Although the South had better-trained soldiers, it was not able to suffer from the assault of inexperienced Union soldiers. The North might have lost more men, but because of its massiveness in number, the North was progressing in regards to the war as a whole, just because the South could not afford the casualties since war is expensive. Secondly, another problem the Confederacy faced was the shortage of resources and supplies. Because its economy is largely based on cotton, the South faced the a few problems the North did not have to. ...

Global Exploration and Global Empires 1500-1700 Essay - 1

Global Exploration and Global Empires 1500-1700 - Essay Example The use of African slaves was very favorable for planters. First, Blacks were better adapted to wearisome physical work in the hot climate than white Europeans or Indians; secondly, taken out far from the habitats of their own tribes, not having any idea how to come back home, they were less inclined to escapes. In the middle of the XX century almost all the black population of the American continent was the descendants of the slaves taken out from Africa. In total about 13 million African slaves were imported to the British North America and later to the USA. On average, only one from 3-5 captured slaves was brought to a plantation, the others perished during the capture and transportation. According to the estimates of researchers, as a result of a slave trade Africa lost about 80 million lives (Slavery Timeline). In Europe the use of a slave labor was resumed and mass slave trade, which prospered up to the XIX century began. Africans were captured in their native lands, loaded on ships and sent to destination. The Irish captured by British during the conquest of Ireland in 1649 — 1651 prevailed among "white slaves". Intermediate position between exiled and free colonists was occupied by the "sold in a service": people sold their freedom for the right to move to colonies and to work it off there again. Considerable part of the Irish population, including women and children, was turned into white slaves and took out to English colonies in West Indies. During this period People in Ireland cost less than wolves: English soldiers were paid 5 pounds for the head of "the rebel or the priest" and 6 pounds — for the wolf ‘s head (Slave Trade Statistics). In the XVII—XVIII centuries Dahomey played a significant role in a slave trade and conducted fierce fight against the rivals: Allada, which was attacked by Dahomey in 1724 for the first time and captured in 1730, and Whydah captured in

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population Essay

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population and economy between 1348 and about 1500 - Essay Example The manner in which the plague quickly spread is rather disheartening. The action of the Sicilians to close their Messina port necessitated the ships from the east to seek available port alongside the Mediterranean. As such, the plague quickly grew and spread into the nations where these plague harboring ships anchored. In this way, the plague was responsible for the demise of approximately one third’s of England’s population. In approximately four years, the plague had covered almost the entire world. This illustrates the grave situation that had been fashioned by the plague. As such, it is imperative to analyze the exact impact of this plague on England as a whole. The steady growth that had characterized England prior to the plague experienced a sudden turn. The extent of deaths that were being realized from the plague has a resounding impact on the religious, economic, social and political structures. The fact that the ships could not anchor in Messina was not enoug h grounds to explain the sporadic nature of the spread of the plague. In sourcing the answer to this question, the situation that existed in England prior to the incidence of the Black Death, has to be highlighted. The source of the plague was from the fleas that were preset in animals. This is especially the big black rats. As long as the animals were alive, the fleas stayed with their host. However, a problem arose when these animals died; and the fleas had nowhere to go. In their search for a new host, they tended to also attack humans. As such, the fact that the plague killed one third of the entire England population, it left a significantly large impact on the political, economic and religious structure of England. At the time of the plague, England had been fiercely catholic; as such it is imperative to outline the impact of the Black Plague on religion in England. The plague had its most catastrophic impact in the cities (Sloanb 45). This is based on the fact that the cities had been characterized by overcrowding. Another factor that aided in this unrestricted spread was the low standards of sanitation in the cities at the time. The relative quick period between infection and ultimate demise had a profound impact on the religious practices at the time. The period of the 14th century was a period of profound religious inclinations. England was largely catholic. As such, it was a convention that people would die with their last rights and having confessed their sins. However, this procedure could not be sustained given the vast number of deaths that were being recorded. This compelled the Pope Clement VI to give remission to all those deaths was a directly sourced from the Black Plague. This is because the clergy were unable to be at the bedside of everyone who died. The religious transformation allowed the dying to confess their sins to anyone at their bedside. So much was the need to have people at the bedside of the dying that people were also allowed to confess to women. This had previously been unacceptable in the catholic religion. However, given the nature of the situation, this had to be accepted. The reliance on the clergy hit low probabilities given the characteristic of the plague in attacking isolated populations exemplified by monasteries. It is no surprise that people thought that the plague was as a result

Fantasy literature for children Essay Example for Free

Fantasy literature for children Essay Q (1). Fantasy literature means new ideas and deals with new images, fantasy includes literature, myths, legends, fairy tales, stories of super natural beings with super natural powers, fantasy creates an imaginative world in which the super natural is natural and plays a perfect part essential to the story to complete it, such literature is enjoyed by the children and adults. An example of such literature is L’Engle’s â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† which can be read by both children and adults. This books heroine is Meg Murry who is an unhappy and clumsy high school student, she with her friend Calvin and her brother Charles undertake an adventurous journey into time and space to rescue her father from the evil force that is attempting to rule over the universe; her greatest drawback is her anger, impatience and lack of self confidence, during the travel and experience she learns to overcome her faults while rescuing her father. The symbols mentioned in this story are (1) The Dark Thing, it is the dark and cold symbol of evil forces that Meg,Calvin and Charles must fight in rescuing her father, the Dark Thing is evil and in the book there is constant battle between good and evil, and good is always successful over evil; (2) The second symbol is the IT, it is the bodiless brain of Camazotz, it controls all the creatures living in that planet, it identifies with the dark thing with its pulsating and revolting rhythm, it is the main body of evil in the planet, it is war of good and evil and love is successful over evil. 3) the book also has good symbols and one is Aunt Beast, she has many tentacles, she is tall and has fur all over, she is from the planet Ixchel and loves to look after travelers as she looks after Meg when during her travel she brushes with the dark thing, Aunt Beast is full of love but she is always in the dark as she has no eyes and has no idea of light or vision she shows her love and emotions by touching with her tentacles. The major theme of the book is Cosmology, other theme is human life and space travel to other planets and constant war of good against evil and ultimately love and goodness are successful. All these symbols show individuality. Meg rescues her brother Charles from IT through the power of love, LEngle makes her characters to travel through space and into other planets and there they communicate with each other without spoken language, the author is trying to show that speech is not the only way to communicate, and the universal theme is the struggle between good and evil, light against darkness, the author also emphasizes inadequacy of words, as sometimes feelings cannot be explained completely with words. All the symbols help Meg to learn the lessons of life as she cannot be aware of everything, she has learned patience, and she has also learned to understand situations as there is explanation for everything even if sometimes we do not understand the world. Q (2) Poetry appeals to the young people in many ways, as it is a way to express the feelings in words, and helps to understand others feelings also, poetry is called literary art, young people read and write poetry as it is away of relaxation, young people like poetry as it can be sung and people love to write songs; there are different kinds and styles of poetry. A study was conducted by Ann Terry in 1974 which shows what type of poetry is liked by children of different ages of elementary school, humorous poems appealed to a large age range of students, they mostly liked poems with musical qualities and disliked poems that they could not understand maturity plays an important part in understanding poetry, four of the poems were narratives, students of all ages did not like this type of poetry, twenty five poems were not popular poems and were not liked, the students liked rhymed poems. The use of poetry in the classroom is very beneficial as reading and learning poems helps the student’s language development, as it evokes emotions it encourages creativity, poetry develops reading habit and helps to increase vocabulary, poetry is a literary art it is a way to relax, it appeals to the young as it can be made into a song and the teenagers love romantic poetry. It is used in the classroom to teach young students to learn, like the alphabet song is used for teaching young students. Q (3) The â€Å"Monkey Island† written by Paula Fox, is a short novel about an eleven years old boy named Clay Garrity, who is left to live on his own as his father looses his job and cannot find another so he simply walks away from his only child and wife, they go to live in a welfare home as his mother is pregnant she disappears one day and Clay is left alone in the streets of New York , soon he finds Buddy and Calvin in a park and they become a family. If Clay leaves the streets he may never find his parents again and if he stays on the streets alone he might not survive as dangers are eminent. According to evaluation criteria it is a short and simple novel, and it is written for all ages as all can enjoy reading it, the book deals with the darkness and dangers of the night the child has to face, as Clay is left alone to survive he reaches a park where homeless people live and this is scornfully called ‘The Monkey Island’. Clay is a sensitive child who is facing harsh realities of life; he has to face hunger, fear and illness, he gets pneumonia and is in the hospital for ten days and then sent to a foster home and is reunited to his mother and baby sister. According to evaluation criteria this novel intrigues the mind of the child and young adults the title also fascinates the child; it is a simple straight, short novel which shows the harsh realities of life faced by the eleven year old. This novel has all the qualities of a good literature for children, in the view of evaluation, as the features of the book help to analyze the pure and clear title of the book that is composed into a quality literature for children and young adults. Q (4) The answer to this question, ‘who should write science books for children’ has an unlimited answer. Basically scientists should write science books for children, writers who write science books for children should be very clear in explaining and they should use accurate facts and figures, complicated writings scare the children as a result the child looses interest and shies away, science should not be complicated, facts must be presented in such a way that the child is encouraged to indulge in furthering reading. Every topic must have pictures to explain. The science books should be based on topics of universal and international appeal, so that it can be read by all the children over the world without clashes of cultures; the authors should write the text that is within the reach of the understanding power of the child; as illustrations immediately attracts the young mind it also sharpens the appetite of the child’s mind to grasp more and read more. The authors suited for writing science books for children should be aware of the needs and intellectual level of the young mind, therefore they should write about things that are interesting to the imagination of the child’s mind, as scientists are best suited to write science books for children they should emphasize and lay stress on meaningful observations, as it helps the student to master his patience through daily observation classes and become a good observer which is the main part of learning science, which also produces a spark of inspirational power to the reader. The science book must inform the reader not only of facts but must explain the beauty of complicated physical life; science books that teach the child to develop scientific language skills are of great help, in helping the child to discover the natural world around us. Authors who write scientific books for children must use easy and graceful language, they must have expertise on descriptive powers of the verbal text, and the design of the book cover is a source of great attraction for the child, writers must depend on illustrations for explanations, the book should be non-fictional and based only on facts that can be understood by the intellectual level of the young readers, accuracy of facts is the main point on which science books can depend so that a child does not have a con fused orientation of science. Authors who write with such accuracy and are careful in presentations and explanations in the books that are for the young mind, are suited to write science books for children, the books must present simple things for children to do alone and in a group as well, then there are things that the child must work on with the help of parents and together they create fun in learning for all ages, the last part of the book must have questions to be answered by the child, so that the child starts thinking about science around us in this world, and the science book should be appealing to the imagination of the child’s mind, the seventh edition of the text is a tool that can help the writers to be updated in research and utilization of technology, these help resources help to make the most of media available with text, as C. D. ROM; and online activities must be encouraged which help greatly in learning. Q (5) Books for children and young adults are banned and censored due to many reason s in some cases it creates awareness to avoid clashes of cultures and beliefs and sentiments of certain society. There are many reasons for banning a book; it depends on the material of contents which are not ‘anti Christian’ or the language used is objectionable and against the religious beliefs, these can be unsuitable for the young mind, books can be banned due to many reasons such as political reason or social grounds, or books are banned when a certain group of people or an influential person considers it to be controversial, immoral or inappropriate, corrupt, vulgar, violent or wicked, generally if the book contains socially unacceptable ideas, such books are banned as these views are made public. These books sometimes contain racial differences such racial slurs, some books contain depressing and alien material which is not good for the development of the young mind; some facts of history show disrespect to adults and elders which is not acceptable to the society, some books confuse fantasy with reality which is very confusing to the young mind, books depicting witchcraft su ch as J. K. Rowling’s book is under challenge as it creates confusion in the mind of the young, as the book mixes reality with fantasy and witchcraft. Parents play a significant part in banning books as they according to their own thinking accept or ban certain books and they also have their own reasons and view points, parents tend to over protect their children and think that reading certain bad books will lead the child to do bad things which may not be the case, some books are banned if the young try to copy certain acts mentioned in the book which are not acceptable in society, such as suicide stories. The text book on ‘through the eyes of a child’ is an introduction to child literature and is an excellent source of literature for children, no person can justify banning a book it simply depends on personal views and reasons. Today the society has changed and many controversial books are now regarded as classics, today people cannot be stopped from thinking, if thinking is allowed, they will speak and if they speak will write and what is written can be printed and published. Society has changed with time and people are becoming liberal minded and have started accepting books that were once banned. Every person has a right to freedom of thought, the young adults and children have the freedom to read and express their opinions and thoughts, people have different thoughts and these thoughts are valuable only to the individual himself but putting ban on such opinions will deprive the human race and society of its freedom rights. Today the society plays a great role in the development of the mental capabilities of the young, as thinking changes the society has also changed and allows the child some freedom, writing books for children and young adults is not an easy task as the writer has to see through the eyes of the child. Writing books for children and young adults is not an easy task as one has to see through the eyes of the child, books are ways to help the young to understand and appreciate their world. Today books are an integral part of young and children and adults alike each in their own capacity. The society has become more open minded, as less content is censored for viewing by the young, it is preferred that children be informed about all issues related to individuals and society itself, this is done so that children be able to have an understanding which would lead them to formulate their own opinion, excess to all information is important so that may be promoted amongst the young.